Why Is MPox Virus Dangerous?

Discover why the monkeypox virus (MPX) is dangerous and learn about its transmission, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention measures. Stay informed and protect yourself during the global outbreak.

The recent global outbreak of the monkeypox virus (MPX) has raised concerns about its potential dangers and the need for effective prevention and treatment measures. MPX is a zoonotic virus that can be transmitted from animals to humans and between humans through close contact with infected individuals, contaminated materials, or respiratory droplets. While the virus has been known to cause outbreaks in parts of Africa for decades, the current multi-country outbreak has spread rapidly, prompting the World Health Organization (WHO) to declare it a Public Health Emergency of International Concern.

What is Monkeypox Virus (MPox)?

Monkeypox virus (MPX) is a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus in the Poxviridae family, which includes variola (smallpox), cowpox, and vaccinia viruses. It is a double-stranded DNA virus that can cause a range of symptoms, including fever, headache, muscle aches, backache, swollen lymph nodes, chills, and exhaustion. The most distinctive symptom is a painful rash that develops into fluid-filled blisters, which eventually scab over and fall off.

There are two main genetic clades of MPX: clade I (formerly known as the Congo Basin clade) and clade II (formerly known as the West African clade). The current global outbreak is primarily caused by clade II, which is generally less severe than clade I.

Transmission and Risk Factors

MPX can be transmitted through close physical contact with infected individuals, contaminated materials, or respiratory droplets during prolonged close contact. The virus can enter the body through broken skin, the respiratory tract, or the eyes, nose, or mouth.

During the current outbreak, a significant proportion of cases have been reported among men who have sex with men. However, it’s important to note that anyone can contract MPX, regardless of their sexual orientation or gender identity. Other risk factors include:

• Having multiple sexual partners
• Attending crowded events or venues
• Traveling to areas with active MPX outbreaks
• Having weakened immune systems due to underlying medical conditions or certain medications

Symptoms and Clinical Course

The incubation period for MPX, which is the time between exposure and the onset of symptoms, typically ranges from 6 to 13 days but can be as long as 21 days. The illness usually begins with a fever, headache, muscle aches, backache, swollen lymph nodes, chills, and exhaustion.

Within 1 to 4 days after the fever begins, a rash typically develops, often starting on the face, arms, or legs. The rash progresses through different stages, including macules (flat spots), papules (raised spots), vesicles (fluid-filled blisters), and pustules (pus-filled blisters) before scabbing over and falling off. The illness usually lasts 2 to 4 weeks.

While most cases are mild and resolve on their own, some people may develop severe complications, such as:

• Pneumonia
• Sepsis (life-threatening infection in the bloodstream)
• Encephalitis (brain inflammation)
• Corneal involvement (eye infection)
• Ocular complications (vision problems)
• Secondary skin infections

Certain groups, such as children, pregnant women, and immunocompromised individuals, are at higher risk of developing severe illness.

Diagnosis and Testing

Diagnosing MPX can be challenging, as the symptoms can resemble those of other illnesses, such as chickenpox, measles, bacterial skin infections, and sexually transmitted infections. Healthcare providers may perform a physical examination and collect samples from the rash or other body fluids for laboratory testing.

The preferred diagnostic test is a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test, which detects the presence of viral DNA. Samples for PCR testing can be collected from the skin lesions, fluid from the lesions, or swabs from the nose or throat. Blood tests are not recommended for diagnosis.

Treatment and Management

There is no specific treatment for MPX, but supportive care is important to manage symptoms and prevent complications. This may include:

• Providing pain relief medication
• Treating secondary bacterial skin infections with antibiotics
• Maintaining adequate hydration
• Providing respiratory support if needed

In severe cases, antiviral medications developed for smallpox, such as tecovirimat, may be used. However, more research is needed to determine their effectiveness against MPX.

Vaccination can also help prevent MPX infection. The JYNNEOS vaccine, which is approved for use against smallpox and MPX, is recommended for individuals at high risk of exposure, such as healthcare workers and men who have sex with men with multiple partners. The vaccine should be administered within 4 days of exposure to prevent infection and up to 14 days to reduce disease severity.

Impact on Mental Health

The MPX outbreak has also had a significant impact on mental health, causing feelings of sadness, anger, frustration, depression, and anxiety in the public. Concerns about stigmatization and social isolation of patients, survivors, and their families have been prevalent during past outbreaks.

Healthcare providers and frontline workers may also experience stress and burnout due to the added burden of the MPX outbreak on top of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. It’s crucial to address the mental health needs of both patients and healthcare workers to mitigate the long-term effects of the outbreak.

Prevention and Control Measures

To prevent the spread of MPX, it’s essential to follow these guidelines:

• Avoid close, skin-to-skin contact with people who have a rash or who are suspected of having MPX
• Avoid contact with materials, such as bedding or clothing, that have been in contact with a person or animal with MPX
• Wash your hands frequently with soap and water or use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer
• Wear a well-fitting mask when around others
• Isolate at home if you have symptoms of MPX until all lesions have healed and a new layer of skin has formed
• Seek medical care if you develop symptoms of MPX, especially if you have been in close contact with someone who has the virus

Public health authorities are also working to implement measures to control the outbreak, such as:

• Increasing disease awareness and prevention efforts
• Expanding access to laboratory testing
• Ensuring the availability of vaccines and treatments
• Conducting contact tracing and isolation of cases
• Monitoring the spread of the virus and its impact on public health

Conclusion

The recent global outbreak of MPX has highlighted the need for continued vigilance and preparedness in the face of emerging infectious diseases. While the current outbreak is primarily affecting certain populations, it’s crucial to remember that anyone can contract MPX and that the virus can have serious consequences, especially for vulnerable individuals.

By understanding the risks, symptoms, and prevention measures, individuals can take steps to protect themselves and their communities. Healthcare providers also play a vital role in recognizing and managing MPX cases, as well as supporting the mental health needs of patients and healthcare workers.

As the world continues to grapple with the challenges posed by infectious diseases, it’s essential to remain informed, follow the guidance of public health authorities, and work together to mitigate the impact of outbreaks like MPX. With a coordinated and comprehensive approach, we can overcome this challenge and build a healthier, more resilient global community.